A Comparative Study on Novel-Assisted Extraction Techniques for Retrieving Protein from Moringa oleifera Seeds

Moringa oleifera seeds are rich in protein, yet their potential as plant-based protein in food remains underutilized. This study evaluated the extraction efficiency, composition, and techno-functional properties of moringa seed protein isolate (MSPI) using enzyme-assisted (EAE), ultrasonic-assisted (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods, compared to conventional alkaline extraction (CE). EAE was performed with viscozyme (2%, pH 8, 50 ◦C, 2 h) and papain (1%, pH 7, 50 ◦C, 1 h),...