Two-Dimensional GC–ToFMS Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Fermented Camel Milk (Shubat)

Shubat, a traditional fermented camel milk from Kazakhstan, is renowned for its unique flavor and nutritional properties, though its volatile compound profile remains poorly characterized. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with com- prehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS- SPME-GC×GC–ToFMS) was employed to qualitatively identify and semi-quantitatively analyze volatile metabolites in seven Shubat samples collected from four...