Characterization and Exploration of the Flavor Profiles of Green Teas from Different Leaf Maturity Stages of Camellia sinensis cv. Fudingdabai Using E-Nose, E-Tongue, and HS-GC-IMS Combined with Machine Learning

Understanding how leaf maturity affects the flavor attributes of green tea is crucial for opti- mizing harvest timing and processing strategies. This study comprehensively characterized the flavor profiles of Fudingdabai green teas at three distinct leaf maturity stages—single bud (FDQSG), one bud + one leaf (FDMJ1G), and one bud + two leaves (FDTC2G)—using a multimodal approach integrating electronic nose, electronic tongue, HS-GC-IMS, rela- tive odor activity value (rOAV) evaluation, and...