Heat-Inactivated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT4 Alleviates Diet-Induced Obesity via Gut–Liver Axis Reprogramming

Obesity and related metabolic disorders are major global health challenges. Postbiotics, such as heat-inactivated probiotics, have attracted attention for their improved safety, stability, and potential metabolic benefits compared to live probiotics. However, the comparative anti-obesity effects and mechanisms of live versus heat-inactivated Lactiplan- tibacillus plantarum FRT4 remain unclear, so this study systematically evaluated their effects and mechanisms in high-fat-diet-induced obese...