Analysis of lard in cod liver oil emulsion using FTIR spectroscopy combined principal component analysis

Cod liver oil (CLO) contains essential fatty acids and has a high price in the market. Therefore, CLO can be targeted for adulteration to increase economic profits. One of the substances used for adulteration of CLO is lard. This study aimed to analyze the spectral profile of lard and CLO in cod liver oil emulsion using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis (PCA). Lard and CLO were mixed with a range of concentrations of 0-100% used as the...