Probiotics and the Gut–Brain Axis: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Epilepsy and Depression Comorbidity

The bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and depression illustrates shared neurobio- logical mechanisms of neuroinflammation, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysreg- ulation, and glutamatergic dysfunction. Depression is present in 20–55% of people with epilepsy, far greater than in the general population, while depression doubles epilepsy risk