Enhancement of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Thai Fermented Soybean Using Box–Behnken Design Guided Microwave-Assisted Extraction

Thai fermented soybeans (TFSs) contain phytochemicals with anti-diabetic benefits. In this study, an initial non-optimized TFS extract (TFSE) was prepared using a conventional triplicate 80% ethanol extraction method and evaluated for its biological activity. TFSE effectively reversed TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, indicating anti-diabetic potential. TFSE also upregu- lated the phosphorylation of AKT (a key insulin...