As consumer demand for quality fish products continues to rise, quality has become a key factor in market competition

As consumer demand for quality fish products continues to rise, quality has become a key factor in market competition. Ecological aquaculture research is exploring various farming methods to balance high-quality demand with environmental protection. This study compared three aquaculture models—cage culture (CG), recirculating aquaculture (RAG), and rice–fish co-culture (RG)—by analyzing muscle quality (AOAC, GC-MS), intestinal microbiota (16S rRNA), and liver metabolism (LC-MS) to assess their...