Carbon Dots from Dried German Chamomile Flower and Its Residual Biomass: Characteristics, Bioactivities, Cytotoxicity and Its Preservative Effect on the Refrigerated Precooked Baby Clam (Paphia undulata)

The growing demand for natural and sustainable food preservatives has drawn interest in carbon dots (CDs) derived from plant sources. This study aimed to synthesize CDs from dried German chamomile flowers (DF) and residual biomass (RB) obtained after essential oil extraction using a hydrothermal process. Their characteristics, bioactivities and cytotoxicity were examined. Both DF-CDs and RB-CDs were spherical (7–10 nm), exhibited strong UV blocking properties and tunable fluorescence and were...