Synergistic Protective Effects of Oleaster Fruit and Sophora japonica L. Fruit Extracts Against IL-1-Induced Inflammation in Human Chondrocytes

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by chronic inflammation and progressive cartilage breakdown. This study investigated the synergistic protec- tive effects of oleaster fruit extract (OE) and Sophora japonica L. fruit extract (SJE) against interleukin-1β (IL-1β) -induced inflammation in human chondrocytes. OE and SJE were tested individually and in combination at various ratios (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). Among the tested mixtures, the 3:1 OE:SJE ratio...