Gluconacetobacter hansenii GK-1 Ingestion for 8 Weeks Improves Skin Discomfort in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Gluconacetobacter hansenii GK-1 is an acid-resistant gram-negative bacte- rium used in vinegar brewing. Oral ingestion of GK-1 was previously reported to help maintain immunity and reduce nasal discomfort. Considering the sug- gested mechanism of action of activation of regulatory T cells via TLR4 to control Th1/Th2 balancing, GK-1 is also assumed to reduce skin discomfort secondary to immune reactions; however, this has not been validated in hu- mans. Thus, we conducted a randomized,...