Bioavailability, Human Metabolism, and Dietary Interventions of Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates: Critical Insights and Future Perspectives

Glucosinolates (GSLs) and their breakdown products, isothiocyanates (ITCs), are bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, mediated through key pathways such as Nrf2, NF-κB, and epigenetic regulation. However, their limited and variable bioavailability remains a key challenge. This review summarises the current clinical evidence on GSLs and ITCs, with a focus on their health effects and metabolic fate in humans. Recent findings on enzymatic and...