Non-Destructive and Real-Time Discrimination of Normal and Frozen-Thawed Beef Based on a Novel Deep Learning Model

Discrimination between normal (fresh/non‑frozen) and frozen‑thawed beef is crucial for ensuring food safety. This paper proposed a novel, non‑destructive and real‑time you only look once for normal and frozen‑thawed beef discrimination (YOLO‑NF) model us‑ ing deep learning techniques. The simple, parameter‑free attention module (SimAM) and the squeeze and excitation (SE) attention mechanism were introduced to enhance the model’s performance. A total of 1200 beef samples were used, with their...