Multifactorial Evaluation of Honey from Pakistan: Essential Minerals, Antioxidant Potential, and Toxic Metal Contamination with Relevance to Human Health Risk

Honey is prized for its nutritional and healing properties, but its quality can be affected by contamination with toxic elements. This study evaluates the nutritional value and health risks of fifteen honey samples from different agro-climatic regions of Pakistan. Physico- chemical properties such as color, pH, electrical conductivity, moisture, ash, and solids content were within acceptable ranges. ICP-OES analysis was used to assess six essential minerals and ten toxic metals. Except for...