The Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Indonesian Rice and Their Health Risk Assessment

This study assessed the exposure to Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Cd, Pb, As, and iAs in rice collected from 30 provinces in Indonesia using data from the national Total Diet Study (TDS). As rice is the main staple food and a major source of contaminant intake, the study estimated dietary exposure and evaluated the associated health risks across different age groups. The objective was to estimate exposure to PTEs (Cd, Pb, As and iAs) through rice consumption and to evaluate their...