Endoparasitic challenges in freshwater fish aquaculture: insights into the life cycle, transmission, and management

Aquaculture plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for seafood, particularly fish, but faces significant challenges from fish diseases. Pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites cause diseases that result in economic losses and threaten fish health. Endoparasites, including protozoa, helminths (worms), and metazoans, have emerged as a major concern in aquaculture. Trematodes, cestodes, and acanthocephalans are notable examples of these parasites. Understanding...