This study aimed to evaluate the impact of heat stress on mammary epithelial cell (MEC) losses into milk, secretory mammary tissue structure, and mammary epi- thelial cell activity. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows (632 ± 12 kg BW) approximately 100 d in milk housed in climate-controlled rooms were paired by body weight and randomly allocated to one of 2 treatments, heat stress (HS) or pair feeding thermoneutral (PFTN) using 2 co- horts. Each cohort was subjected to 2 periods of 4 d each. In...
protein, nutrition, processing, storage, enzymes
Hepatocellular lipid accumulation characterizes fatty liver in dairy cows. Lipid droplets (LD), specialized organelles that store lipids and maintain cellular lipid homeostasis, are responsible for the ectopic storage of lipids associated with several metabolic disorders. In recent years, non-ruminant studies have reported that LD-mitochondria interactions play an important role in lipid metabolism. Due to the role of diacylglycerol ac- yltransferase isoforms (DGAT1 and DGAT2) in LD syn-...
wheat, starch, protein, fiber, nutrition
Yogurt is popular as a natural and healthy food, but its flavor greatly affects acceptability by consumers. Fla- vor compounds of yogurt is generally produced by the metabolism of lactose, protein and fat, and the resulting flavors include carbonyls, acids, esters and alcohols, etc. Each flavor compounds could individually provide the corresponding flavor, or it can be combined with other compounds to form a new flavor. The flavor network was formed among the metabolites of milk components,...
food science, wheat, protein, nutrition, processing
Research in a variety of species including cattle has suggested energy required for maintenance may be af- fected by body condition. The objective of this study was to use indirect calorimetry and total fecal and urine collections to estimate maintenance energy and fasting heat production (FHP) of cows differing in body condi- tion score (BCS). Twelve multiparous nonpregnant and nonlactating Jersey cows were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups. To construct these groups, cows were...
wheat, starch, protein, nutrition, analysis
Accurate and ex-ante prediction of cows’ likelihood of conception (LC) based on milk composition information could improve reproduction management on dairy farms. Milk composition is already routinely measured by mid- infrared (MIR) spectra, which are known to change with advancing stages of pregnancy. For lactating cows, MIR spectra may also be used for predicting the LC. Our objectives were to classify the LC at first insemination using milk MIR spectra data collected from calving to first...
food science, protein, nutrition, processing, quality
The objectives were to investigate the effect of feed- ing and visiting behavior of dairy cattle on CH 4 and H 2 production measured with voluntary visits to the Green- Feed system (GF) and to determine whether these effects depended on basal diet (BD) and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) supplementation. The experiment involved 64 lactating dairy cattle (146 ± 45 d in milk at the start of trial; mean ± SD) in 2 overlapping crossover trials, each consisting of 2 measurement periods. Cows within...
fiber, nutrition, processing, color, fermentation
This study aimed to assess the impact of bulk tank milk (BTM), waste milk (WM), and pasteurized waste milk (PWM) on nutrient digestibility, ruminal and cecal fer- mentation, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, and antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli from dairy calves at 2 periods (30 and 60 d of age). Calves were grouped according to body weight, serum protein levels, and breed composition. Three treatments were included: BTM (n = 21), WM from cows under antibiotic...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, processing
This study aimed to verify the impact of milking per- mission (MP) and concentrate supplementation (CS) on milking frequency (milkings per cow/day) and milk yield (kg per cow/day) in a farm using a pasture-based auto- matic milking system (AMS). Sixty-eight cows milked using this AMS unit were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups homogeneous for parity, days in milk and milk yield. Treatments used were: Frequent (F) or Restricted (R) MP, that granted cows permission to milk after 6 to 8 h or...
protein, fiber, nutrition, processing, quality
The objective of this study was to examine the influ- ence of different environmental factors on ATP lumi- nometry measurements of feeding equipment and to investigate associations with health of preweaned calves and the levels of ATP identified through luminometry. On 50 commercial dairy farms in Quebec, Canada, ATP lu- minometry measurements (in relative light units (RLU)) were obtained using the direct swabbing technique with Hygiena UltraSnap swabs and a liquid rinsing technique with the...
nutrition, quality, color, storage, safety
At the onset of lactation in dairy cows, inflammation and oxidative stress may occur and result in a risk of pathologies and lower milk yield. To propose an innova- tive management strategy for cows during this period, it is essential to better understand these physiological variations. Our objective was to evaluate the metabolic, redox and immune status of 7 primiparous and 8 mul- tiparous Holstein cows during late gestation and the first months of lactation. Blood samples were collected be-...
antioxidants, protein, nutrition, quality, color
Products of lipolysis released during digestion posi- tively affect the metabolism of newborns. In contrast to the 3-layer biological membranes covering human milk (HM) fat, the lipid droplets in infant milk formula (IMF) are covered by a single membrane composed of casein and whey proteins. To reduce the differences in lipid structure between IMF and HM, studies have used milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components such as milk polar lipids (MPL) to prepare emulsions mimicking HM fat globules...
food science, wheat, starch, protein, nutrition
Animals vary in the way in which they utilize energy due to diet, genetics, and management. Energy consumed by the animal supports milk production, but considerable variation among-animals in energy utilization is thought to exist. The study objective was to estimate the among- animal variance in energy utilization in data collected from Jersey cows using indirect calorimetry. Individual animal-period data from 15 studies (n = 560) were used. The data set included 115 animals from 44 to 410...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, quality
The CellCheck Dry Cow Consult (DCC) was developed by the CellCheck Technical Working Group to enable farmers to engage with their nominated vet to develop farm-specific selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) plans, where appropriate. This study evaluated the effect of the DCC on farmer decision-making around dry cow therapy, and the udder health impact of implementing SDCT, in study herds over the 2019 and 2020 dry periods. The DCC was a 3-h consult, delivered and funded as part of the Targeted...
processing, quality, analysis, health
We determined the effects increasing dietary inclu- sion of whole cottonseed (WCS) on nutrient digestibility and milk production responses of high-producing dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (mean ± SD; 52.7 ± 2.63 kg/d of milk; 104 ± 23 DIM) were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were increasing doses of WCS at 0, 8, 16, and 24% DM, with WCS replacing soybean meal and hulls to maintain similar diet...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, processing
Understanding consumers’ sensory preferences for dairy products is essential. This study employed sen- sory analysis and instrumental techniques to analyze the flavor of pasteurized milk and ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk. There were 6 milk samples with similar fat content (4.0–4.6 g/100mL) and protein content (3.2–3.8 g/100mL). Sensory data from consumer tests was col- lected using CATA (n = 100) and 9-point hedonic prefer- ences. Research showed that Chinese consumers could distinguish...
food science, protein, fiber, nutrition, processing
In March, 2023, the European Food Safety Authority published a Scientific Opinion on Calf Welfare. This Opinion was prepared in response to a request from the European Commission to provide an independent view on the welfare of calves that reflected the most recent scientific knowledge. Data sources used to develop their recommendations included peer-reviewed studies, expert knowledge, and gray literature. The Opinion considered specific scenarios and welfare consequences of specific...
wheat, starch, protein, fiber, nutrition
This comprehensive review highlights the intricate interplay between maternal factors and the co-develop- ment of the microbiome and immune system in neonatal calves. Based on human and mouse studies, multiple prenatal and postnatal factors influence this process by altering the host-associated microbiomes (gut, respira- tory tract, skin), microbial colonization trajectories, and priming of the immune systems (mucosal and systemic). This review emphasizes the importance of early life exposure,...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, quality
The present work aims to evaluate the dissociation of casein micelles in diluted skim milk (SM) systems after undergoing solvent- or emulsifying salt-based dis- sociation coupled with ultra-high-pressure homogeniza- tion (UHPH). Specifically, Part I evaluated dilute SM solutions combined with varying ethanol concentrations (0- 60%) at varying temperatures (5 - 65°C) in combina- tion with UHPH (100–300 MPa), and Part II evaluated dilute SM solutions combined with varying concentra- tions (0–100...
food science, protein, processing, quality, color
Probiotics are increasingly used as starter cultures to produce fermented dairy products; however, few studies have investigated the role of probiotics in milk fermenta- tion metabolism. The current study aimed to investigate whether adding Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Probio-M8 (Probio-M8) as a starter culture strain could improve milk fermentation by comparing the physico- chemical characteristics and metabolomes of fermented milks produced by a commercial starter culture with and...
protein, processing, quality, sensory, texture
Our objectives were to develop and evaluate an inte- grated system consisting of a lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) and an electronic portable imaging device for de- termination of pregnancy status of cows based on plasma concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB). Experiment 1 was conducted to test the performance of the LFIA for PSPB (PSPB-LFIA) whereas experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the performance of the inte- grated system including both the LFIA and imaging de- vice....
protein, fiber, processing, quality, color
This study characterized the sleep activity, sleep mechanism, and active peptides of whey protein hydro- lysates selected through behavioral analysis of fruit- flies (Drosophila melanogaster). Sleep-inducing whey protein (WP) hydrolysate was selected through fruit fly behavior analysis, and sleep activity was measured us- ing a pentobarbital model and electroencephalographic analysis. The mechanism of action was confirmed using a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist, and the active...
protein, nutrition, processing, quality, fermentation
Few studies have examined the N kinetics of individual feeds with stable isotope tracing. We hypothesized that N partitioning to milk and excreta pools as well as the rates of the processes that drive this partitioning would differ for alfalfa silage, corn silage, corn grain, and soybean meal. Feed ingredients were endogenously labeled with 15 N and included in 4 diets to create treatments with the same dietary composition and different labeled feed. Diets were fed to 12 late-lactation dairy...
protein, fiber, nutrition, storage, fermentation
To comply with antibiotic restriction policies in the European Union, internal teat sealants (TS) are increas- ingly used at drying off (DO) in selective dry cow treat- ment protocols to maintain udder health. Post-calving TS residue attachment to milking equipment and associated cleaning difficulties is a reason for some farmers to stay away from blanket TS use. Our objective was therefore to improve insight in TS excretion visibility and to com- pare quantity, pattern, and presence versus...
nutrition, quality, analysis, functional, health
Our overarching objective was to characterize associa- tions between genomic merit for fertility and the repro- ductive function of lactating dairy cows in a prospective cohort study. In this manuscript, we present results of the association between genomic merit for fertility and indicators of metabolic status and inflammation, uterine health, endocrine status, response to synchronization, and estrous behavior in dairy cows. Lactating Holstein cows entering their first (n = 82) or second (n =...
protein, nutrition, processing, color, analysis
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different anti-mycotoxin feed additives on the concentra- tion of mycotoxins in milk, urine, and blood plasma of dairy cows fed artificially multi-mycotoxin-contaminat- ed diets. Secondarily, performance, total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, and blood parameters were evaluated. Twelve multiparous cows (165 ± 45 d in milk, 557 ± 49 kg body weight, and 32.1 ± 4.57 kg/d milk yield at the start of the experiment) were blocked...
wheat, starch, protein, fiber, nutrition
Mycoplasmosis (due to infection with Mycoplasma bovis) is a serious disease of beef and dairy cattle that can adversely impact health, welfare and productivity (Maunsell et al. (2011)). Mycoplasmosis can lead to a range of often severe, clinical presentations. Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) infection can present either clinically or subclinically, with the potential for recrudescence of shedding in association with stressful periods. Infection can be maintained within herds because of...
quality, storage, analysis, health, optimization
This article summarizes the applications of biosensors and biomimetic sensors in the detection of residues in dairy products. Biosensors utilize biological molecules such as enzymes or antibodies to detect residual sub- stances in dairy products, demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity. Biomimetic sensors, inspired by biosen- sors, use synthetic materials to mimic biological sensing mechanisms, enhancing stability and reproducibility. Both sensor types have achieved significant success...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, processing
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of amino resin-treated soybean meal (SBM) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion, and N partitioning. Treatments were: (1) untreated solvent-extracted SBM, (2) amino resin-treated SBM (AR-SBM), and (3) heat- treated SBM (HT-SBM). The experimental design was arranged as a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 6 fermen- ters in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters within a Latin square for...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, processing
This study addresses the limited tools available for as- sessing food safety risks from cytotoxic Bacillus cereus group strains in contaminated food. We quantified the growth, in skim milk broth, of 17 cytotoxic B. cereus strains across 6 phylogenetic groups with various viru- lence gene profiles. The strains did not grow in HTST milk at 4 or 6°C. At 10°C, 15 strains exhibited growth; at 8°C, one strain grew; and all strains grew at temperatures ≥ 14°C. Using growth data from 16 strains, we...
food science, processing, quality, color, shelf life
Dairy cows experiencing heat stress (HS) during the pre-calving portion of the transition period give birth to smaller calves and produce less milk and milk protein. Supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) has been shown to modulate protein, energy, and placenta metabolism, making it a potential candidate to ameliorate HS effects. We investigated the effects of supplementing RPM to transition cows under HS induced by electric heat blanket (EHB) on cow-calf performance. Six weeks...
wheat, starch, protein, nutrition, processing
The bacterium Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens OSU- BDGOA1 and yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus bdgo- ym6 were previously isolated from kefir grains and have shown probiotic traits in mono- and coculture. This research evaluates the effect of introducing probiotic kefir microorganisms in monoculture and in coculture alongside yogurt starter cultures on the physicochemical and rheological properties, volatile flavor compounds, survival of the microorganisms during simulated diges- tion, and sensory...
food science, protein, quality, sensory, texture
Although 3-NOP has been proven to reduce enteric methane (CH 4 ) by ~30% in indoor systems of dairying when the additive is mixed throughout a total mixed ration (TMR), there has been very limited research to date in grazing systems in which the most convenient method of additive supplementation is at milking twice daily. To investigate the effect of twice daily 3-NOP supplementation on enteric CH 4 emissions, a 12-week study was undertaken in which treatment cows (n = 26) were supplemented...
food science, protein, fiber, nutrition, quality
The aim of the study was to enquire to which extend 1 H spin-lattice Nuclear Magnetic Resonance relaxometry data collected over a broad range of resonance frequen- cies (from 10kHz to 10MHz) have the potential to be used for assessing quality and authenticity of different categories of cheese. The following cheeses were selected mozzarella (M), processed cheese (C), pizza cheese (P) and pizza cheese with modified fat phase (PC), low-fat cheese (LF) and long ripened cheese (R). The cheeses from...
food science, protein, nutrition, quality, texture
Mare milk has a unique protein composition that makes it a preferred option for adult and infant nutrition. Sever- al functional properties have been attributed to this milk but with little evidence yet. In fact, knowledge on mare milk composition is still limited. In particular, studies addressing the performance of mare milk proteins during human gastrointestinal digestion are scarce, which limits the understanding of mare milk nutritional quality and functionality. For this reason, the...
food science, protein, nutrition, processing, quality
Greenhouse gas emission from the activities of all productive sectors is currently a topic of foremost im- portance. The major contributors in the livestock sector are ruminants, especially dairy cows. This study aimed to evaluate and compare 21 equations for predicting enteric methane emissions (EME) developed on the basis of milk traits and fatty acid profiles, which were selected from 46 retrieved through a literature review. We compiled a reference database of the detailed fatty acid...
protein, fiber, quality, fermentation, microorganisms
Bacillus licheniformis is one of the major spore- forming bacteria with great genotypic diversity in raw milk, dairy ingredients, final dairy products, and is found throughout the dairy processing continuum. Though be- ing widely used as a probiotic strain, this species also serves as a potential risk in the dairy industry based on its roles in foodborne illness and dairy spoilage. Biofilm formation of B. licheniformis in combined with the heat resistance of its spores, make it impossible to...
food science, antioxidants, wheat, flour, starch
Inhibition of methyl-coenzyme M reductase can sup- press the activity of ruminal methanogens, thereby reducing enteric methane emissions of ruminants. How- ever, developing specific and environmentally friendly inhibitors is a challenging endeavor. To identify a natural and effective methane inhibitor that specifically targets methyl-coenzyme M reductase, molecular docking tech- nology was employed to screen a library of phytogenic compounds. A total of 52 candidate compounds were ob- tained...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, processing
Nutrition and physiological state affect hepatic me- tabolism. Our objective was to determine if feeding flaxseed oil (~50% C18:3n-3 cis), high oleic soybean oil (~70% C18:1 cis-9), or milk fat (~50% C16:0) alters hepatic expression of PC, PCK1, and PCK2 and the flow of carbons from propionate and pyruvate into the TCA cycle in preruminating calves. Male Holstein calves (n = 40) were assigned to a diet of skim milk with either: 3% milk fat (MF; n = 8), 3% flaxseed oil (Flax; n = 8), 3% high...
protein, nutrition, processing, quality, enzymes
Negative associations of health disorders with repro- ductive performance, often measured with pregnancy risk per artificial insemination (AI) or the risk of preg- nancy loss, have been demonstrated extensively. Most studies investigated common clinical diseases but did not include subclinical disorders comprehensively. They often evaluated cows subjected to hormonal synchro- nization protocols for timed AI, limiting the ability to understand how disease may affect spontaneous repro- ductive...
protein, nutrition, quality, analysis, functional
Feed efficiency is important for economic profitabil- ity of dairy farms; however, recording daily dry matter intakes (DMI) is expensive. Our objective was to inves- tigate the potential use of milk mid-infrared (MIR) spec- tral data to predict proxy phenotypes for DMI based on different cross-validation schemes. We were specifically interested in comparisons between a model that included only MIR data (Model M1), a model that incorporated different energy sink predictors, such as body weight,...
protein, nutrition, processing, quality, color
In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of gestation length (GL) in 16 cattle breeds by using large genotype and animal record databases. Data included over 20 million gestations since 2000 and genotypes from one million calves. The study addressed the GL variability within and between breeds, estimation of its direct and maternal heritability coefficients, association with fitness and several economic traits, and QTL detec- tion. The breed average GL varied from 279.7 to 294.4 d, in...
protein, analysis, functional, health
The nutritional components and quality of milk are influenced by the rumen microbiota and its metabo- lites at different lactation stages. Hence, rumen fluid and milk samples from 6 dairy cows fed the same diet were collected during peak, early mid- and later mid- lactation. Untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing were applied for analyzing milk and rumen metabolites, as well as rumen microbial composition, respectively. The levels of lipid-related metabolites, L- glutamate,...
antioxidants, starch, protein, nutrition, processing
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ef- fect of energy and protein in the diet on the recovery of milk ethanol stability (MES) induced by feed restric- tion. Twelve Holstein and Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows with an average of 146 ± 50 d in milk, 575.4 ± 70 kg of body weight, and 18.93 ± 5.46 kg/d of milk yield were distributed in a 3x3 Latin square design with 3 treatments and 3 experimental periods. Each experi- mental period lasted 24 d, comprising 3 phases: a 13-d adaptation...
starch, protein, fiber, nutrition, processing
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of puerperal metritis (PM) diagnosed and treated during the early postpartum period of the first lactation on transition cow health, milk production, reproduction, and culling of dairy cows in their second lactation. Diagnosis of PM was based on fetid watery red-brown uterine discharge and rectal temperature above 39.5°C. Two farms were enrolled in this retrospective observational cohort study (Farm A and B). In both farms, the following...
protein, nutrition, quality, color, analysis
High quality raw milk is an important prerequisite for the production of long ripened raw milk cheeses. This implies not only the absence of pathogenic microorgan- isms in raw milk, but also low levels of spoilage bacteria, including dairy propionic acid bacteria (dPAB), that can cause blowing and sensory defects in cheese, result- ing in severe economic losses for producers. Raw milk contamination with dPAB has been primarily associated with improperly cleaned milking systems, but they have...
food science, processing, quality, sensory, color
The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the relative merits of offering unweaned calves 3 different types of diets to meet energy and water defi- cits that can occur during journeys. Six young unweaned male Holstein calves were randomly selected from within 2 body weight ranges (median 48 and 42 kg) from each of 29 loads (total n = 174 calves) transported from an auction market or a collection center to a calf sorting center before transport to a veal unit. The calves...
protein, nutrition, color, analysis, chemistry
This study explores how the metafounder (MF) concept enhances genetic evaluations in dairy cattle populations using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP). By improving the consideration of relation- ships among founder populations, MF ensures accurate alignment of pedigree and genomic relationships. The research aims to propose a method for grouping MF based on genotypic information, assess different ap- proaches for estimating the gamma matrix, and compare unknown...
processing, analysis, health, composition
The production of whey protein concentrates (WPCs) from camel milk whey represents an effective approach to valorize this processing by-product. These concen- trates harbor active ingredients with significant bioac- tive properties. Camel WPCs were spray-dried (SD) at inlet temperature of 170, 185 and 200°C, or Ultra- sonicated (US) for 5, 10 and 15 min, then freeze-dried to obtain fine powder. The impact of both treatments on protein degradation was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and...
food science, polyphenols, antioxidants, protein, nutrition
The effects of high (2.5% of DM) versus normal dietary sodium chloride (NaCl) intake on renal urea-N kinetics and urea-N metabolism were investigated in 9 rumen- cannulated and multi-catheterized lactating dairy cows in a crossover design with 21-d periods. It was hypothesized that urinary urea-N excretion would be greater, and blood urea-N concentration lower in response to greater diure- sis induced by high NaCl intake. Also, urea-N transport across ruminal and portal drained viscera (PDV)...
starch, protein, nutrition, quality, color
Brown Swiss (BS) cows have greater urea concentra- tions in milk and blood compared with Holstein (HO) cows. We tested the hypothesis that BS and HO cows differ in kidney function and nitrogen excretion. Blood, saliva, urine, and feces were sampled in 31 multiparous BS and 46 HO cows kept under identical feeding and management conditions. Samples were collected at dif- ferent lactational stages after the monthly DHIA control test-day. To test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urea...
protein, fiber, nutrition, fermentation, enzymes