Assessing Milk Authenticity Using Protein and Peptide Biomarkers: A Decade of Progress in Species Differentiation and Fraud Detection

Milk is a nutritionally rich food and a frequent target of economically motivated adulter- ation, particularly through substitution with lower-cost milk types. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the authentication of milk using advanced proteomic and chemometric approaches, with a focus on the discovery and application of protein and peptide biomarkers for species differentiation and fraud detection. Recent innovations in both top-down and bottom-up proteomics have...