Antimicrobial Properties of Thermally Processed Oyster Shell Powder for Use as Calcium Supplement

Oyster shells, though rich in calcium, are mostly discarded and contribute to environmen- tal issues. Developing calcium-based materials with antimicrobial functionality offers a promising solution. However, their low bioavailability limits their direct use, requiring processing to enhance their applicability. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the physic- ochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of thermally processed pulverized oyster shells (TPOS) and citric acid-treated TPOS...