Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles by Grape Seed Extract Synergized with Ascorbic Acid: Preparation Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Functional Activity

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have broad application prospects in food preservation and drug development. In this study, grape seed extract (GSE) was used as a natural reducing agent and stabilizer, combined with ascorbic acid (Vc) for the green synthesis of SeNPs (GSE-SeNPs). The preparation process and structural stability were systemat- ically optimized. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the concentrations of Vc and GSE, reaction time, and reaction temperature,...