Bovine -Casein Peptide YPFPGPIH Regulates Inflammation and Macrophage Activity via TLRNF-BMAPK Signaling

Food-derived bioactive peptides are known to possess immunomodulatory properties, although their molecular mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of YPFPGPIH, a peptide derived from bovine β-casein, using the RAW264.7 macrophage model. Our results demonstrate that YPFPGPIH enhanced macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner and promoted chemotactic migration through the...