Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 over Three Years in Raw Milk from Croatia: Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization in Consumers of Different Ages and Genders

In this study, the frequency of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence in raw milk was inves- tigated across different seasons over a three-year period from 2022 to 2024 in Croatia. Risk assessment was conducted using estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard index (HI), and margin of exposure (MOE) for various age groups and both genders. The frequency of AFM1 detection above the maximum level (ML) ranged from 1.60% to 15.1%. The average incidence of AFM1 exceeding the ML was 5.67%, with the highest...